RIRS stands for Retrograde IntraRenal Surgery. It is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat kidney stones that are located within the kidney or upper urinary tract. RIRS is typically performed by a urologist using a small, flexible ureteroscope, which is inserted through the urethra and guided up into the urinary tract to reach the kidney.

Here’s an overview of the RIRS procedure:

1. Preparation: Before the procedure, imaging tests such as a CT scan or ultrasound may be performed to locate and assess the size and number of kidney stones. You may also undergo blood and urine tests to evaluate kidney function and determine the composition of the stones.

2. Anesthesia: RIRS is usually performed under general anesthesia, although in some cases, local anesthesia or sedation may be used.

3. Procedure:

   • Ureteroscope insertion: The urologist inserts a small, flexible ureteroscope through the urethra and into the bladder. The ureteroscope is then advanced up through the ureter and into the kidney.
   • Stone identification and fragmentation: Once the ureteroscope reaches the kidney, the urologist uses small instruments passed through the scope to locate and fragment the kidney stones. Laser energy or pneumatic devices may be used to break the stones into smaller pieces, making them easier to remove.
   • Stone removal: The fragmented stones are either removed using a small basket-like device passed through the ureteroscope or allowed to pass naturally through the urinary tract.
   • Stent placement (optional): In some cases, a temporary internal drainage tube (stent) may be placed in the ureter to facilitate urine drainage and prevent obstruction during the healing process.

4. Recovery: After the procedure, you will be monitored in a recovery area until you wake up from anesthesia. Most patients can go home the same day or after a short observation period. You may experience some mild discomfort, urinary urgency, or blood in the urine for a few days after the procedure. Your healthcare provider may prescribe pain medication or antibiotics as needed.

5. Follow-up: Follow-up appointments may be scheduled to monitor your recovery and assess the success of the procedure. Imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans may be performed to confirm stone clearance.

RIRS is considered a safe and effective treatment option for kidney stones, particularly those that are too large or too complex to be treated with other minimally invasive techniques such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). It offers advantages such as high stone clearance rates, minimal discomfort, and faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks and potential complications, which should be discussed with your healthcare provider prior to undergoing RIRS.