Kidney stones are small, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain when they pass through the urinary tract. The symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on the size and location of the stone, but common signs and symptoms include: 

1. Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs
2. Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
3. Painful urination
4. Blood in the urine
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Frequent urge to urinate
7. Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
8. Fever and chills (if an infection is present)

Diagnosing kidney stones typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, which may include:

1. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds to visualize the kidney stones.
2. Urine tests to check for signs of infection, blood, or crystals.

As for the latest treatment options for kidney stones, they include:

1. **Pain management:** Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen may be used to relieve pain associated with kidney stones. In severe cases, stronger prescription pain medications may be necessary.

2. **Hydration:** Drinking plenty of water is crucial for flushing out kidney stones and preventing their formation. Increasing fluid intake can help pass smaller stones more easily.

3. **Medications:** Depending on the type of kidney stone and its underlying cause, certain medications may be prescribed to help dissolve the stones or prevent their formation. These may include alpha-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or medications to reduce uric acid levels.

4. **Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL):** This non-invasive procedure uses shock waves to break kidney stones into smaller pieces, which can then pass more easily through the urinary tract.

5. **Ureteroscopy:** In this procedure, a thin, flexible scope is passed through the urethra and bladder to reach the ureter or kidney, allowing the doctor to directly visualize the stone and remove it or break it up using laser energy.

6. **Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL):** This minimally invasive procedure is used for larger kidney stones. A small incision is made in the back, and a nephroscope is inserted to remove the stone or break it up using ultrasound or laser energy.

7. **Surgery:** In rare cases where other treatments are not effective or feasible, traditional open surgery may be necessary to remove the kidney stone.

It’s important to note that treatment for kidney stones should be tailored to the individual patient and may vary depending on factors such as the size, type, and location of the stone, as well as the patient’s overall health and medical history. Therefore, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment recommendations.